The Relationship Between Nutrients And Mood - 1360 Words

Many studies have been conducted -- with interesting results -- showing the relationship between nutrients and mood. Research shows it is clear that no one single nutrient (with the exception of lithium) can provide a reliably effective treatment for mood disorders. Rather, the evidence implies that a broad range of nutrients are involved in achieving optimum mental stability: †¢ Clinical Trials Clinical Trial Table 1: Micronutrient-mood case studies and case series (PDF) Clinical Trial Table 2: Micronutrient-mood randomized controlled trials (PDF) †¢ Mechanism Of Nutrient Action Various micronutrient-related factors are associated with increased risk of psychiatric illness, and micronutrients play essential roles in an array of brain†¦show more content†¦Gastrointestinal tract disruptions and psychiatric disorders show remarkably high co-morbidity.29 For example, most studies that have investigated the co-morbidity of irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disorders show prevalence of psychiatric disorders in irritable bowel syndrome patients to be 90% or greater. 30 Higher, genetically-based micronutrient requirements Research is uncovering major genetic risk factors in psychiatric illness.31 Up to one-third of gene mutations result in decreased enzyme binding affinity for corresponding coenzymes, including vitamins and minerals.32 As a result, individuals with certain genotypes may have significantly higher requirements for essential micronutrients in key mood-related brain pathways. 32 33 44 Low micronutrient intake exacerbates the problem Low micronutrient intake may contribute to psychiatric illness.34 35 36 Intake of many micronutrients is inadequate in the United States, as shown in Figure 2. RDA levels are deemed to be â€Å"sufficient to meet the dietary requirements of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) of healthy individuals†, but do not ensure mental health for at-risk sub-populations:13 â€Å"intake at the level of the RDA or AI would not necessarily be expected to replete individuals previously undernourished, nor would it be adequate for disease states marked by increased requirements.† 37 †¢

The Influence of Culture on Negotiation - 1342 Words

Company Observation Essay The Influence of Culture on Negotiations Negotiation Elements and Cultural Dimensions adopt a much less confrontational style in order to avoid direct, aggressive conflict. These cultures may adopt a more collaborative orientation toward the negotiations. In developing a strategy, it must also include levels of risk a party is willing to take for sharing the information, revealing positions, and general considerations on how to best approach a collaborative negotiation strategy. According to Hofstede, some cultures also tend to be fearful of unfamiliar risks. Hofstede’s four dimensions of culture reveal that cultural variation plays a role in negotiations. The next paragraph provides another view of†¦show more content†¦The final area demonstrating culture’s affect on negotiation styles is risk-taking or the willingness of a party to share information, seek alternatives through new approaches, or tolerate ambiguity in order to find a joint resolution. Among all respondents about 70% prefered high risk-taking. However there were significant variations by culture. The Japanese for example have only 18% choosing a high level for risk-taking. More significant risk takers were France (90%) India (89%) and the U.K (88%). Development of a Strategy An important aspect in developing a cross-cultural negotiation strategy revolves around preparation. First, in addition to analyzing the current issues that brought the parties, it is better to study the other negotiator’s culture and history. Next, it is necessary that a negotiator be self-aware of his or her own culture. Finally, to do a relationship with the other parties involved before the negotiations begin is time well spent. The negotiator’s skills in research and preparing the environment will impact the negotiation positively. Knowledge gained concerning a culture’s various interests is also significant to the cross-cultural negotiator. For exa mple, for those that generally have a low tolerance for ambiguity, precise information is very important. A strategy for conducting cross-cultural negotiations can be developed. Chris Moore and Peter Woodrow have identified five strategies based on theShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Japanese Culture On Business Relationships And Negotiations1781 Words   |  8 Pages possible to meet a buyer’s wishes† (The Influence of Japanese Culture on Business Relationships and Negotiations, 1992, p. 56). Because the seller is in the lower position, they should use honorific language when addressing the buyer or they risk alienating a potential customer. Japan’s vertical structure can also lock Americans out due to the reciprocal relationships many businesses have with large banks and corporations. This structure is called keiretsu, of family of companies. 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Reaso nably, the above scenario depicts different cultures engaging in a negotiation processRead MoreCulture Difference in Business Negotiation1456 Words   |  6 PagesÃ¥  ·Ã¯ ¼Å¡08203241 è â€Ã§ ³ »Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¥ ¼ Ã¯ ¼Å¡*********** è ® ºÃ¦â€"‡æ  â€¡Ã© ¢ËœÃ¯ ¼Å¡Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¥ ¯ ¹Ã¥â€¢â€ Ã¥Å  ¡Ã¨ °Ë†Ã¥Ë† ¤Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ  2010Ã¥ ¹ ´6æÅ"ˆ Titleï ¼Å¡the influence of cultural difference on business negotiation 〠Abstract】International business negotiation is playing a more and more important role in modem society. We can see clearly that there are great differences in international business negotiation. 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The US recognises the role Iran could play in the stability of the region with its involvement in the Syria civil war by supporting the Assad regime, its incredible influence in Iraq, and the proxy war with Saudi Arabia in the form of the Houthi-Sunni conflict in Yemen. These factors appear to have encouraged Washington to change its approach to Iran from isolation to one of cautious engagement. The conflict between

Traditional Medicine Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Traditional or Alternative Medicine. Answer: In the recent healthcare system in Australia, Europe and North America, traditional medicine (TM) is highly embraced, however, is also referring to Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). There are attractive features of the TM that includes cultural acceptance, greater accessibility in different parts of the world and require lesser technology and low cost. However, in developed countries, CAM is being used for the prevention of disease and in the maintenance of illness apart from conventional care for acute and chronic health conditions. CAM is a holistic approach that encompasses the mind, body and spirit for the treatment of the person being less invasive as compared to conventional practices (Mehta, 2012). In Australia, it is slowing incorporating into the mainstream, however, remains a controversial topic. Therefore, the following essay discusses the pros, cons of CAM and critique through a literature search that includes 12 articles from the year 2012 to 2017. In the current healthcare system, CAM has gained popularity where it has mainstreamed the conventional and traditional treatment. The pros of this therapy make it popular and widely popular as compared to the traditional medicine approach used in the new healthcare system. In this section, the merits of CAM are being discussed as opposed to the traditional medicine approach. This treatment is emphasized on the whole body care, which is different from the conventional medicine being a holistic approach. There is whole body treatment where the growing trend is not only towards the physical body, but also towards the emotional and spiritual health of the patient (Harris et al., 2012). According to Wardle, Lui Adams, (2012), there is a growing interest for the CAM, as it is a holistic approach and on rise. Personal attention is another benefit of the alternative medicine as it provides personal attention. The followers who follow this therapy not only focus on the physical health, but a lso the mental and social health aspects of the illness affecting an individual. This factor provides healthier focus on the causes of the ailments rather that result in the imbalances in the body originally (Wu et al., 2014). CAM has one more advantage that it focuses on the prevention. The traditional medicine provides intervention after the disease onset; however, alternative medicine focus on prevention of the disease before it occurs in addition to the care delivery (Hawk, Ndetan Evans, 2012). After the literature search, I found that there are wide applications of CAM for the treatment of diseases ranging from mental health problems like mood disorders to fatal diseases like cancer. According to Libby, Pilver Desai, (2013) the study conducted described the use of CAM in the treatment of emotional and mental problems in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) individuals. Data was collected from the 599 individuals with PSTD and descriptive analyses showed 15 cases where CAM was used for treatment. CAM was used as an alternative to the conventional medicine in the mental health care. In another systematic content analysis, according to Shim, (2015) there are two CAM interventions herbal medicine and ac upuncture that are popular in U.S. and Japan. The results showed that herbal medicine is integrated into the mainstream medical system in Japan and least in America. Acupuncture is less commonly practiced in America, Japan, and herbal medicine being most favorable in Japan and least in America. According to Thomson et al., (2012) CAM is widespread and highly prevalent in Australia among the adult population. The results of the cross-sectional study showed that CAM is highly popular in Australia, however, people does not seek advice from their physicians before and after using CAM that require further consideration. According to Kang et al., (2012) there is increase in CAM use among breast cancer patients in Korea. Around 57.4% of patients were reported to use this therapy that included exercise therapy and consumption of vitamins and minerals that boosted their immune system, promoted health and prevented recurrence. In another study through structured interviews, it showed that they used CAM among cancer patients as it helped them for sustenance of strength and gained ability to perform activities. In a cross-sectional, study through interview-administered questionnaire conducted by Jazieh et al., (2012) the results showed that complementary therapies are highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia with interventions that indicate religious background and strong cultural beliefs when people are suffering from life-threatening diseases. CAM is also used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among the patients who experienced adverse side effects of conventional medications. Alternative medicine is also used in residential palliative care among German patients with advanced cancer in the form of prayer and supplements as studied by Paul et al., (2013). Similar study conducted by Weizman et al., (2012) also showed that CAM is prevalent among the IBD patients and helps to reduce the adverse effects of the conventional medicines. The above primary studies conducted on CAM in different countries for life-threatening diseases depicts that CAM is a holistic approach and achievable option to cure problems and its integration in the current healthcare system. Although, CAM is gaining popularity in the current healthcare system, there are challenges faced that acts as obstacles in the path of its integration into the countrys medical and healthcare system. This is scarcity of evidence based practice and lack of research regarding the CAM that are scientifically documented with rigid clinical trials. Although, CAM are beneficial, there is lack of clinical trials with unknown long and short term risks associated with its administration. There is also lack of evidence-based practice to confirm that CAM administration guidelines comply with the Australian standards and have the potential to integrate into the current healthcare system (Reddy, Grossman Rogers, 2013). There is limited scientific research regarding CAM as compared to traditional medical treatment where the evidence is limited and many questions left unanswered. Several studies are under way and research is still going on. There is a big confusion between the words safe and natural as many herbal medicines and dietary supplements fall under CAM that are misinterpreted as natural. This raises a red flag and the manufacturers make unprecedented claims that the alternative medicine products contain secret ingredients and have miracle cures (Ekor, 2014). Another big challenge is whether the CAM treatment is effective, safe contains standardized ingredients and regulated. Almost half of the healthcare professional are not aware of the complementary practices and highly expose the disadvantages of this approach compared to traditional medicine (Koithan et al., 2012). Another big disadvantage of alternative therapies is the potential dangerous interactions and side effects. This approach is dependent upon the medical conditions and the diseases the person might be suffering from and can sometimes project adverse side effects (Epstein Krasner, 2013). These alternative medicines are not scientifically tested and there is no regulation by the government agencies. The Food and Drug Administration and National Institutes of Health do not provide regulation guidelines for alternative medicine and still require scientific proving with strict quality check and testing protocols. There is no such standardization of the medicines used in alterna tive medicine therapies, as there is varying degrees of responses and results in treating the treatment. According to Tautz et al., (2012) in a cross-sectional study, CAM was used in breast cancer, however, there was less compliance to CAM and reluctant to initiate this practice in the standard oncology care. This is the reason CAM is still a holistic approach and lack of training and knowledge about the CAM options for the patients suffering from life-threatening diseases. This is the main con of CAM that restrains them from seeking this medicine therapy. The differences in extraction process leads to chemical variances that can lead to varying degrees of pharmacological activities and mechanisms that can cause interferences with the prescribed medications. As there is lack of evidence-based research and scientific proof, it may take a longer time for an individual to seek expert opinion on the effect of the alternative medications. This can result in the progression of the disease like cancer that remains undiagnosed until the benefits are completely known. This lack of research and variance in the treatment options makes it difficult for the complementary therapies to integrate in the current evidence based healthcare system (Frawley et al., 2013). From the above discussion, it is evident that the traditional or alternative medicine therapies have the potential to integrate into the current healthcare system, although has certain cons and limitations. The main argument in this discussion was whether the traditional and alternative medicine has the ability to provide the individual and patient-centred care treatment and their choices on how the integration should take place. There are various benefits of CAM like pain management, cancer and IBD treatment and mental health. Alternative medicines have the potential to relieve pain as compared to traditional treatment options. Similarly, alternative therapies in conjugation with chemotherapy help in increasing the survival rates and reduce potential side effects. It also helps to lessen the adverse side effects of the cancer that are experienced by the patients due to prescribed medicines. Alternative medicine therapies are less expensive as compared to the conventional or traditio nal medical treatments. Another great advantage is the use of alternative medicine in the mental health for curing disorders like PTSD and mood disorders. It helps to provide overall well-being to the mental health patients as it focuses overall body care that encompasses healing of body, spirit and mind. The relaxation treatment options like meditation, massage therapy helps a mental health patient in relaxing and in stress reduction. However, the other side of the argument was the cons and potential issues associated with traditional or alternative medicine. There are no proper guidelines and updated research regarding the safe and reliable use of the alternative medicinal approach. There is lack of evidence-based research that proves the compliance of these treatment systems into the current healthcare system. There is no such controlled trial or testing of the alternative medicines to know the safety and quality of ingredients used in the alternative medications. Although, both the systems have place in the society, there is still lack of research to suggest its integration into the current healthcare system. In this discussion, both the perspectives are valid as the role of a nurse is to provide high quality of care and ensure patient safety regardless of the origin of the medicinal treatment in the current healthcare system. The research articles used for the essay research are mainly peer-reviewed primary source journal articles. The government websites, cross-sectional studies, interviews, questionnaires and descriptive studies that are primary sources have been included in the information. Some articles were of good quality as the studies conducted showed positive results and no alternations from the main research. The articles comprised of the primary studies that are qualitative as well quantitative in nature. The studies in the articles are structured interviews, scientific experimentation that studied the efficacy of traditional and CAM treatment conducted in different countries. The articles chosen studied the use of CAM in the treatment of various life-threatening diseases like cancer, IBD and mental health disorders like mood disorders and PTSD. Some articles used had descriptive studies conducted in the form of structured interviews and questionnaires on the various observational outcomes of the CAM on life threatening diseases. In those articles, the effectiveness of CAM is not studied properly as the results deviated from the main research. Out of 20 articles, 12 articles were considered eligible for the research retrieved from Cochrane, Medline and Ovid. The articles were mainly cross-sectional studies conducted in the form of interviews and questionnaires given to the participants. This might be a drawback in the research study as the structured interviews contain closed-ended questions. The perceptions and perspective of the patients regarding the use of CAM might require open-ended questions, as they are descriptive. This is the reason the articles were carefully selected that is current and is not older than 7 years from 2012 to 2017. The articles are published in renowned journals retrieved from authentic databases that make it globally accepted and provide credible information for the research. References Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety.Frontiers in pharmacology,4, 177. Epstein, R. M., Krasner, M. S. (2013). Physician resilience: what it means, why it matters, and how to promote it.Academic Medicine,88(3), 301-303. Frawley, J., Adams, J., Sibbritt, D., Steel, A., Broom, A., Gallois, C. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of complementary and alternative medicine use during pregnancy: results from a nationally representative sample of Australian pregnant women.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,53(4), 347-352. Harris, P. E., Cooper, K. L., Relton, C., Thomas, K. J. (2012). Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by the general population: a systematic review and update.International journal of clinical practice,66(10), 924-939. Hawk, C., Ndetan, H., Evans, M. W. (2012). Potential role of complementary and alternative health care providers in chronic disease prevention and health promotion: an analysis of National Health Interview Survey data.Preventive medicine,54(1), 18-22. Jazieh, A. R., Al Sudairy, R., Abulkhair, O., Alaskar, A., Al Safi, F., Sheblaq, N., ... Tamim, H. (2012). Use of complementary and alternative medicine by patients with cancer in Saudi Arabia.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,18(11), 1045-1049. Kang, E., Yang, E. J., Kim, S. M., Chung, I. Y., Han, S. A., Ku, D. H., ... Kim, S. W. (2012). Complementary and alternative medicine use and assessment of quality of life in Korean breast cancer patients: a descriptive study.Supportive Care in Cancer,20(3), 461-473. Koithan, M., Bell, I. R., Niemeyer, K., Pincus, D. (2012). A complex systems science perspective for whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine research.Complementary Medicine Research,19(Suppl. 1), 7-14. Libby, D. J., Pilver, C. E., Desai, R. (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine use among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,5(3), 277. Mehta, D. (2012). Complementary and alternative medicine. InPhysicians Pathways to Non-Traditional Careers and Leadership Opportunities(pp. 309-314). Springer New York. Paul, M., Davey, B., Senf, B., Stoll, C., Muenstedt, K., Muecke, R., ... Hbner, J. (2013). Patients with advanced cancer and their usage of complementary and alternative medicine.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology,139(9), 1515-1522. Reddy, K. K., Grossman, L., Rogers, G. S. (2013). Common complementary and alternative therapies with potential use in dermatologic surgery: risks and benefits.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,68(4), e127-e135. Shim, J. M. (2015). The influence of social context on the treatment outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine: the case of acupuncture and herbal medicine in Japan and the US.Globalization and health,11(1), 17. Tautz, E., Momm, F., Hasenburg, A., Guethlin, C. (2012). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in breast cancer patients and their experiences: a cross-sectional study.European Journal of Cancer,48(17), 3133-3139. Thomson, P., Jones, J., Evans, J. M., Leslie, S. L. (2012). Factors influencing the use of complementary and alternative medicine and whether patients inform their primary care physician.Complementary therapies in medicine,20(1), 45-53. Wardle, J., Lui, C. W., Adams, J. (2012). Complementary and alternative medicine in rural communities: current research and future directions.The Journal of Rural Health,28(1), 101-112. Weizman, A. V., Ahn, E., Thanabalan, R., Leung, W., Croitoru, K., Silverberg, M. S., ... Nguyen, G. C. (2012). Characterisation of complementary and alternative medicine use and its impact on medication adherence in inflammatory bowel disease.Alimentary pharmacology therapeutics,35(3), 342-349. Wu, C. H., Wang, C. C., Tsai, M. T., Huang, W. T., Kennedy, J. (2014). Trend and pattern of herb and supplement use in the United States: results from the 2002, 2007, and 2012 national health interview surveys.Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2014.

Market Research and Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Market Research and Project Management. Answer: Introduction: Customer satisfaction is an essential element for organizations to achieve competitive advantage in the market (Steven, Dong and Dresner 2012). Specifically, aviation industry has experienced continues changes for past few decades, as more number of people are looking to avail airline services. For that reason, maintaining the satisfaction level of the customers with provided quality of services has emerged as one of the major challenges for the airline organizations. Moreover, introduction of private global companies in the Malaysian market has enhanced the significance of maintaining proper onboard experiences in order to achieve sustainable expansion in the market. In this study, the focus would be on the provided quality of onboard services by Malaysian Airlines for keeping the satisfaction level of the customers at the desired level. Malaysian Airlines was established on October 1972 with the objective of providing domestic and international airline services to the customers (malaysiaairlines.com 2017). Presently, Malaysian Airlines is facing challenges to compete with the other prime organizations regarding the provided quality of services. In this study, the focus would be on the kind of impact that proper onboard experiences can have on the satisfaction level of the customers. The study would also focuses on providing suggestions to Malaysian Airlines regarding the kind of onboard services they will have to provide in maintaining the satisfaction level of the customers at the desired level. Research aim: The study aims to analyze the impact of onboard experiences provided by Malaysian Airlines on the customer satisfaction. Research objectives: The study would consider following objectives, To highlight the significance of maintaining superior quality onboard services for achieving sustainable expansion in the market To identify the factors that affects quality of the onboard services provided by the Malaysian Airlines To critically evaluate the impact of provided quality of onboard services by Malaysian Airlines on customer satisfaction To provide effective recommendations regarding the best possible way to enhance the quality onboard services for Malaysian Airlines Literature review: The significance of maintaining customer satisfaction: As opined by Baker (2013) customer satisfaction is a great indicator for moving the business forward. Thus, it actually helps organizations to assess the kind of demand it would have to face in near future. For that reason, organizations have always focused on developing effective strategies so that the satisfaction level of the customers remains at the optimum level. Specifically, in the present extremely competitive industry like aviation sector, organizations will have to be extremely careful in maintaining the customer satisfaction level. As per the article by Namukasa (2013) customer satisfaction can be use as a indicator to understand the loyalty and purchasing decision of the people. It has been assessed that satisfied customers are more likely to come back to that particular organization in future. Therefore, it would help organizations to retail its customers for long period of time. Moreover, satisfied customers also help organizations to use the word of mouth publicity in an effective manner. As a result, it helps organizations to establish strong brand image on the market (Wu and Cheng 2013). Furthermore, satisfied customers also help organizations to differentiate itself from all other business entities in the market, which eventually create positive impact on the overall business perspective. Importance of maintaining superior quality in onboard services: As highlighted by Suki (2014) with the increasing level of competition in the airline sector, every aviation companies have focused on providing superior quality of onboard services to maintain the satisfaction level of the customers at the optimum level. For that reason, airline organizations have focused on segregating the customers in different class including first class, business class and economy class. Different organizations have focused on providing different luxurious facilities to its entire customers so that they remain loyal to the organization. For instance, first class services include luxurious cabin with excellent personalized services to fulfil all the requirements of the customers. On the other hand, business class customers are provided with spaciousness, comfort and advance technologies so that they do not feel bore at the time of travelling (Osman and Sentosa 2013). Moreover, economy class customers are also provided with excellent services to maintain the satis faction at the desired level. Moreover, airline organizations have focused on providing onboard connectivity services to the customers so that they remain updated about the flight details. In fact, airline organizations are currently trying to provide onboard Wi-Fi services to the customers for achieving competitive lead in the market. Impact of quality onboard service on maintaining customer satisfaction rate: As suggested by Hussain, Al Nasser and Hussain (2015) it is necessary for the organizations to focus maintaining the quality of onboard services for achieving optimum satisfaction level of the customers. In fact, organizations need to evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented strategies for maintaining the satisfaction level of the customers in an effective way. For that reason, airline companies focuses six service metrics or standards including overall service, personnel service, information given, n-board comfort, on-board cleanliness and on-board food services, which can directly impact on the satisfaction level of customers. For instance, on-board food services and cleanliness can have direct impact on the satisfaction rate, which eventually create adverse impact on the businesses. For that reason, majority of the airline companies focuses on utilizing Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) for understanding the satisfaction level of customers continuously (Liat, Mansori and Huei 2014). Literature review: From the above discussion, it is obvious that maintenance of standards in the provided quality of on-board services is essential for maintaining the satisfaction level of the customers at the desired level. However, due to continues changes in the customer preferences, airline sector has to change the provided onboard services for maintaining the satisfaction of the customers at the desired level. Moreover, increasing demand of airline industry has also increases the level of challenges associated with the business process. Therefore, the study will focus on understanding the exact amount of impact that provided onboard services can have on the customer satisfaction level. Methodology: Research philosophy: Research philosophy represents a significant part of research methodology that tries to cover all possible aspect of the topic. Effective use of research philosophy allows study to create different assumptions and beliefs regarding the consumer satisfaction perspective. Positivism, realism and interpretivism are the three parts of research philosophy that studies use for fulfilling objectives (Mackey and Gass 2015). Now, in order to understand the impact of onboard services on customer satisfaction, the focus would be on positivism philosophy. The study would consider positivism, as it would allow predict and explain different factors associated with the topic. Moreover, it would allow the study to establish hypothesis regarding onboard services and customer satisfaction concept. Positivism philosophy would also allow the study to include logic regarding different concept, which eventually add value to the study. On the other hand, due to limitation of time, the study would not consi der other philosophies. Research approach: According to Silverman (2016), research approach is another crucial factor that can have major impact on the successful completion of the study. Inductive, abductive and deductive are the three parts of the research approach that studies try to use for successful completion of the topic. For highlighting the significance of onboard services on the satisfaction level of the customers, the study would consider deductive approach. It has been assessed that deductive approach would allow the study test the formulated hypothesis in an effective way. Moreover, it would also allow the study to include different previous theoretical concept about the onboard services and customer satisfaction within the airline industry. Therefore, it would also help to add value to the research study. In addition, deductive approach would also help the study to minimize the risk level as much as possible. Conversely, the study would not consider other approach, as it does not require introduction of any new theories or concepts. Research design: Research design represents a general plan that a particular study will consider for fulfilling all the research objectives in an appropriate manner. Conclusive and exploratory are the types of research design that studies consider for completing all the requirements within given timeframe (Flick 2015). In order to analyze the significance of the onboard services on customer satisfaction concept, the study would select exploratory research design. The study would consider exploratory design, as it would help to analyze different research questions in an effective way. Moreover, selection of exploratory design would allow the study to become flexible. Therefore, it would help to make necessary changes in the research process. Exploratory design would also help the study to understand the future challenges associated with research topic. Therefore, it would help to provide proper and effective recommendation about the research topic. Data collection and analysis method: Data collection represents a significant part of the methodology, as entire outcome of the study heavily depends on the collected information. Now, studies can consider primary or secondary data collection process for capturing appropriate information (Panneerselvam 2014). In order to understand the impact of onboard services on customer satisfaction level, the study would consider primary data collection technique. The study would consider primary technique, as it would help to portray the present picture of the market effectively. Moreover, it would also help the study to highlight all possible factors that can have impact on the research topic. For understanding the impact of onboard services on customer satisfaction, the study would consider both qualitative and quantitative approach. Selection of both the approach would help the study to identify the trend and also differences in perspective in an effective way. The study would utilize sampling technique for the fulfilment of the research objectives. According to Neuman and Robson (2012), probability and non-probability represents two part of sampling technique that studies consider for completing all the requirements within the given timeframe. However, non-probability sampling technique would be considered for this study to collect proper information about the research topic. The study would consider 100 regular customers of Malaysian Airlines for the collection of quantitative data. On the other hand, the study would select 5 senior managers of Malaysian Airlines for capturing qualitative data about the research topic. The study would select online survey technique for imprisoning quantitative data. On the other hand, telephonic interview will be conducted for the collection of qualitative information. The study would consciously try to include different statistical tools like mean, median and mode for ensuring the collected information can provide desired outcome. Formal plan: Research process: According to Miller et al. (2012), planning or proper selection of research process is vital for completing all the activities with the given timeframe. For that reason, the study would select systematic approach to ensure successful accomplishment of all the objectives. Firstly, the study would evaluate among the different topics related to aviation industry for selecting an interesting topic. Therefore, it would allow the research to select topic with different alternatives. Secondly, the study would focus on the formulation of clear aim and objectives for ensuring proper future path. Thirdly, the study would focus on developing literature review section based on onboard services on customer satisfaction. In this step, the study would select and analyze different previous models and theories related to onboard services and customer satisfaction concept. Here, focus will be on including different perspective of different articles so that it can add value to the research study. Fourt hly, the research process will focus on developing effective research methodology for ensuring it can accomplish all the requirements in an appropriate manner. This step would also include selection of data collection technique so that the collected data can fulfil the research objectives. It would also focus on identifying best possible data analysis technique for achieving desired outcome effectively. Timeline: Activities WK 1-2 WK 3-4 WK 5-6 WK 7-8 WK 9-10 WK 11-12 WK 13-14 Selection of research topic Identification of previous journals and articles Formulating layout Literature review Configuration of the research plan Methodology selection Selection of primary data collection process Identification of statistical tools for data analysis Expected outcomes Development of Rough Draft Final Submission Table 1: Gantt chart (Source: Created by the author) References: Baker, D.M.A., 2013. 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